Locating Answer-Correctness Signals in Frozen Large Language Models
Language models expose internal signals that predict whether an answer is correct, readable from a single forward pass of a frozen model without additional generations. Yet existing probes often commit to one signal family or layer and can be brittle under distribution shift; in retrieval-augmented settings, many specialized detectors instead target passage faithfulness, which can diverge from correctness when retrieved evidence is unhelpful or conflicting....
Language models expose internal signals that predict whether an answer is correct, readable from a single forward pass of a frozen model without additional generations. Yet existing probes often commit to one signal family or layer and can be brittle under distribution shift; in retrieval-augmented settings, many specialized detectors instead target passage faithfulness, which can diverge from correctness when retrieved evidence is unhelpful or conflicting....